Outline of "History of Chinese 188bet mobile login"

“History of Chinese 188bet mobile login”It is a required course for secretarial majors，Basic theory course。It is in the development of secretarial discipline，New courses to improve the professional theoretical level of secretarial staff。

To enable students to understand the history of the development and evolution of our country’s 188bet mobile login institutions，To deepen our understanding of the importance of 188bet mobile login work，Master basic theoretical knowledge，Lay the foundation for learning related professional courses，And take the essence，The past serves the present，To provide practical 188bet mobile login work services。

The content of this course roughly includes the following parts: ．

Secretary agencies of past dynasties: that is, the establishment of various 188bet mobile login agencies at all levels in past dynasties、Function、Function、Status and evolution；

188bet mobile login through the ages: their origins、Training、Selection and appointment、Assessment Supervision。

Secretary 188bet mobile login system of past dynasties: including clerical 188bet mobile login system、Official style of official documents of past dynasties、Archival 188bet mobile login system、Petition system、Investigation system, etc.，For reference。

Students are required to study the above parts comprehensively and systematically.

This course has a total of 72 hours.

Teachers mainly give lectures in class.

Learn through this chapter，Understanding that the emergence of 188bet mobile login work requires two social conditions: the leadership department of a social organization；With text and official documents；Understanding the origin of 188bet mobile login work in our country has gone through a long and gradual process，Roughly experienced three stages，That is, born in the prosperous period of the tribal alliance，Groced up in Xia Dynasty，Formed in Yin and Shang Dynasties。

Teaching hours:4 hours.

Section 1: Born in the prosperous period 188bet mobile login tribal alliance (1 credit hour)

(1) Social conditions resulting from 188bet mobile login work

Leading departments of social organizations; texts and official documents.

(2) The formation of leading departments of social organizations

The clan commune period. The prosperous period 188bet mobile login tribal alliance.

(3) The evolution of original text

The process of evolution 188bet mobile login original text。The prosperous period 188bet mobile login tribal alliance has historical evidence of original writing。

(4) Records on 188bet mobile login activities

There were many historians around Huangdi。Nayan。Jinshanjing、Huabiaomu、Drum of Dare to Admonish。

Section 2: Germination in the Xia Dynasty (1 credit hour)

1. The establishment 188bet mobile login country

There are many opinions about the time when our country was formed.

The Xia Dynasty is the beginning of our country: (1) The emergence of classes。(2) Capital ruins。(3) The establishment of state apparatus。

2. Texts and official documents 188bet mobile login Xia Dynasty

The writing 188bet mobile login Xia Dynasty. Official documents 188bet mobile login Xia Dynasty.

Section 3 Formed in the Yin and Shang Dynasties (2 hours)

1. Historians 188bet mobile login Shang Dynasty

1. The names and division of labor of historians:

(1) Zhen Divination Historian，Responsible for divination。(2) Sacrifice to the historian，Responsible for royal sacrificial affairs。

(3) Chronicler，Responsible for production、Keeping the destiny，Declare the king’s order，Supervise and order the princes and officials。

(4) Chronicler，Responsible for recording the words and deeds 188bet mobile login King of Shang、Dynasty Events、Keeping the classics、Observe the sky、Record calendar, etc.。

2． Historian sources.

2. The birth of Taishiliao, the central 188bet mobile login agency

The founding of Taishi Liao.

3. Oracle and Oracle Bone Documents

1． The discovery and study of oracle bone inscriptions.

2. Recognition of Oracle Bone Documents: Forming a Certain Pattern in Style，The content is centered on the activities of King Shang。

4. Storage of Oracle Bone Files

Collection rules of oracle bone archives: (1) Collect in the capital ancestral temple、Sheji。(2) Simple classification and collection method。

(3) Simple number。(4) Simple“Archive”。

1. Born in the prosperous period 188bet mobile login tribal alliance

1. Memorization: (1) The process of evolution of original writing；(2) The prosperous period 188bet mobile login tribal alliance was primitive: historical evidence of primitive writing；

(3) Records related to 188bet mobile login activities.

２. Comprehension: The formation of leadership departments of social organizations.

３． Simple application: the social conditions under which 188bet mobile login work arises.

2. Germination in Xia Dynasty

1. Remember: (1) Various opinions about the time when our country was formed；(2) Xia Dynasty is the beginning of our country。

２． Understand: (1) Wen Yu of Xia Dynasty；(2)Official documents 188bet mobile login Xia Dynasty。

3. Formed in the Yin and Shang Dynasties

1. Knowledge: (1) The division of labor and names of historians in the Shang Dynasty；(2) The original creation of Taishicha；(3) Discovery and Research of Oracle。

２. Understand: (1) The sources of historians；(2) Identification of Oracle Bone Documents。

３． Simple application: storage of oracle bone files.

４． Comprehensive application: Why is it said that 188bet mobile login work in our country was born in the prosperous period of tribal alliances，It sprouted in the Xia Dynasty. Formed in the Yin and Shang Dynasties。

Learn through this chapter，Understanding since the Western Zhou Dynasty，The secretarial agencies of the central and local governments have been initially established，The start of various secretarial work，And generated preliminary rules、System；Understand why historians declined，What new secretarial positions have been created；What are the professional ethics of two-week 188bet mobile login、What professional personalities have been formed；Two weeks period，This is the initial period of secretarial work in our country。

Teaching hours:6 hours.

Section 1 The formation of 188bet mobile login organizations (1 credit hour)

1. 188bet mobile login agency of the central government

1. The social background 188bet mobile login formation of Taishiliao:

(1) The Western Zhou Dynasty was the heyday of China’s slave society。(2) Feudal 188bet mobile login of government based on patriarchal 188bet mobile login。

(3) Establish an ideological 188bet mobile login of ritual rule。(4) Refining government agencies。

2. Taishiliao's“Five Histories”：太史、Xiao Shi、Internal History、Outside History、Censor。

3. Palace 188bet mobile login: The Emperor and ";Qing Shi Liao”Contact agency。

Mainly Youzai，Left、Right History，Inheritance，Female History，Pedestrian，Dianrui、Palm Section。

2. The emergence of other 188bet mobile login agencies

1. The 188bet mobile login agency of the princes.

2． 188bet mobile login staff within various departments of the Central Government.

3. 188bet mobile login staff in local government.

4. Petitioners.

Section 2 Secretary and Official (1 credit hour)

1. The qualities and characteristics of historians.

1． Religious colors range from strong to light.

2． The division of labor and levels of historians range from shallow to deep.

3． Generate a 188bet mobile login ethic.

4. Develop a professional personality.

5. Excellent cultural quality.

2. Reasons for the decline of historians

1. The strengthening 188bet mobile login concept of rule by man.

2. There was a conflict of ideas between the historian and the king.

3. Changes in the official selection 188bet mobile login.

3. The emergence of new secretary positions

1. Promote senior 188bet mobile login from low-level palace officials.

2． Reset the secretary position.

3. Promoted from eunuchs.

4. Scholars enrich the 188bet mobile login team

1. The historical background of scholars joining the 188bet mobile login ranks.

2. Characteristics of a clerk’s job as a secretary: short tenure、High liquidity。

3. The significance of scholars to enrich the 188bet mobile login team.

5. The emergence of private secretary.

Section 3: Clerical and Archives 188bet mobile login (3 hours)

1. Document carrier

1． Oracle bone documents.

2. Bronze documents.

3. Slip document.

4. Silk documents.

2. Preliminary rules for paperwork

1. There are preliminary procedures for document operation.

2. Classification according to the direction of instrument movement.

3． Rules for drafting.

4. Use the printing 188bet mobile login.

5. Document delivery 188bet mobile login.

3. Official document style

1． King’s Order Document—Context: oath、寰、Fate、Policy、Dian、order、Message。

2. The upper text: petition, matter book, Ding book, plan book.

3． Parallel text: Letter of alliance、Zaishu、Moving books、Alchemy Book、Appointment。

4. Archival 188bet mobile login

1. The central archives agency-Tianfu was established.

(1) Types of archives collected by Tianfu: Edition 1、Picture。2 genealogy。3Covenant。4Important documents submitted by governments at all levels。

(2) The location of Tianfu: placed in the ancestral temple in the capital.

(3) The status of Tianfu.

2. The copy 188bet mobile login and the Golden Vine's Chamber.

3. Archives are widely used

Main forms: (1) As a tool of governance and governance。(2) As a tool for imparting knowledge。(3) compiled into a set。

Section 4 The social survey system 188bet mobile login Western Zhou Dynasty (1 credit hour)

1. Reasons for the rise of social surveys

1. Lessons from the demise of Shang Dynasty.

2． Lack of understanding 188bet mobile login new ruling area.

3. The Western Zhou Dynasty emphasized the rule of people and despised ghosts and gods.

4. Social investigation is Zhou’s tradition.

2. Contents 188bet mobile login social survey system

1. Investigators and investigative methods.

2. Investigation reporting procedures.

3. Survey area and duration.

4. Investigation content.

(1) 188bet mobile login Organization

1. Knowledge: (1) 188bet mobile login agencies within the princes；(2) 188bet mobile login agencies within various departments of the central government；

(3) The 188bet mobile login agency in local government.

２. Understand: (1) The social background 188bet mobile login formation of Taishiliao；(2)Taishiliao“Five Histories”；(3) Palace Secretariat。

(2) Secretary and Official

1. Knowledge of Records: (1) Religious Color of Historians；(2) Division of labor and hierarchy of historians；(3) Cultural quality 188bet mobile login historian；(4)The emergence of private secretary。

２． Understand: (1) The professional ethics of historians；(2) Historian’s professional personality；(3) The emergence of a new secretary position。

３． Simple application: reasons for the decline of historians.

４． Comprehensive application: the historical background of scholars engaged in 188bet mobile login work、Features、Meaning。

(3) Documentary 188bet mobile login

1. Memorization: (1) Document carrier；(2) Official document style；(3) Copy 188bet mobile login and Golden Vine’s Chamber。

２. Understand: (1) Various rules for document processing；(2) Files are widely used。

３． Simple application: describe the general situation of Tianfu.

(4) Social Survey System 188bet mobile login Western Zhou Dynasty

1. Recognize: (1) Investigators and investigation methods；(2) Procedure for reporting the investigation situation； (3) Survey area and duration；

(4) Investigation content.

２． Understanding: The Rise of Social Survey: The Reasons.

３． Simple application: The significance 188bet mobile login social survey system.

４． Comprehensive application: Why is the two-week period the initial period of 188bet mobile login work in our country。

Learn through this chapter，Understanding Qin、The Han Dynasty was the establishment period of 188bet mobile login work in ancient my country。This is because with the establishment of a unified centralized power，From the center to the local areas，A nationwide unified 188bet mobile login organization was also established，At the same time, a unified 188bet mobile login work system was established across the country，And try to stabilize these systems in the form of laws；The Han Dynasty that succeeded Qin made changes to Qin’s 188bet mobile login work，Enrich it，Make it gradually stabilize，And it was established with the establishment of the unified feudal dynasty，Become the basic model of 188bet mobile login work in my country’s feudal society。

Teaching hours:6 hours.

Section 1 The Establishment and Evolution of 188bet mobile login Organization (2 Credit Hours)

1. From the Prime Minister’s Mansion to the Chancellor’s Desk

1． The Prime Minister's Mansion 188bet mobile login Qin Dynasty.

2. The Western Han Dynasty weakened the prime minister's office and appointed ministers.

3. The establishment 188bet mobile login Chancery.

4. The structure and status 188bet mobile login chancellery.

Shang Shutai

(Shang Shuling, Shangshu Pushe, Shangshu Zuocheng, Shangshu Youcheng)

San Gong Cao Shangshu、Cao Shangshu 188bet mobile login Ministry of Personnel、Min Cao Shangshu、Two Thousand Stones Cao Shangshu、Southern host and guest Cao Shangshu、Northern host and guest Cao Shangshu

2. Other central 188bet mobile login agencies

1. The rise and fall of the 188bet mobile login function of Yushi Temple.

2. Diversion of the royal palace and court 188bet mobile login agencies.

3. Other 188bet mobile login positions in the palace.

4. Secretary to the eunuch.

5. Petition agencies.

3. 188bet mobile login agencies in local governments and the military

1. 188bet mobile login agencies of local governments: states、County、Every county government office has a 188bet mobile login agency。

2． 188bet mobile login service in the military.

Section 2 Secretary and Official (2 hours)

1. Selection of 188bet mobile login and officials

1. The origin of 188bet mobile login and officials in the Qin Dynasty.

2. The origin of 188bet mobile login and officials in the Han Dynasty: Chaju、Recruitment、Eliminate、School training。

2. Qualifications of 188bet mobile login and officials

1． Qualifications for 188bet mobile login and officials in the Qin Dynasty.

2. Qualifications for 188bet mobile login and officials in the Han Dynasty

3. Evaluation system for 188bet mobile login and officials

1. The assessment system for 188bet mobile login and officials in the Qin Dynasty:“Five Good Things”、“Five losses”Assessment method。

2． The evaluation system for 188bet mobile login and officials in the Han Dynasty:“Frequent customers”and“Collection”。

Section 3 Clerical and archive 188bet mobile login (2 credit hours)

1. Document carrier

1． Slip documents.

2． Silk documents.

3. Iron documents.

4. Paper documents.

2. Paperwork 188bet mobile login

1． Writing 188bet mobile login.

2. Writing format.

3. Taboo 188bet mobile login.

4. Document operation procedures.

5. Document collation 188bet mobile login.

6. Use the printing 188bet mobile login.

7. Document delivery 188bet mobile login.

3. Official document style

1. Imperial Order Document—Context: Made、Edict。

2. The upper text: memorial, chapter, table, sparse, discussion, pleading, book.

3. The descendants of local government are: admonishment, order, instruction, and edict.

4. Parallel text: Yiwen, Yishu, Xiyi, Pinyue.

5. Confidential documents: Seal, combined letter, flying letter.

6. Documents posted publicly: exposed cloth, flat script, and board calligraphy.

4. Archival 188bet mobile login

1. Collection of archives.

2. Utilization of archives.

3. Creation of archives.

4. Archive protection 188bet mobile login: fire protection、Anti-theft、Anti-leakage、Specialized personnel on duty。

（—）The establishment and evolution of the 188bet mobile login organization

1. Remember: (1) 188bet mobile login agency of local government；(2) 188bet mobile login agency in the military。

２. Understand: (1) The rise and fall of the 188bet mobile login function of Yushi Temple；(2) Royal Palace、Diversion of the Imperial Secretariat。

３． Simple application: the process from the Prime Minister's Palace to the Chancellor's Desk.

４． Comprehensive application: the&ldquo of the central 188bet mobile login agency;Expansion return”。

(2) 188bet mobile login and officials

1. Shiji: The assessment system for 188bet mobile login and officials in Qin and Han Dynasties.

２． Understand: (1) Qualifications of 188bet mobile login and officials in the Qin Dynasty；(2) Qualifications of 188bet mobile login and officials in the Han Dynasty。

３． Simple application: selection of 188bet mobile login and officials.

(3) Documentary 188bet mobile login

1. Memorization: (1) Document carrier；(2) Official document style。

２. Comprehension: (1) Collection of files；(2) Utilization of files；(3) Creation of archives；(4) Archives protection 188bet mobile login。

３． Simple application: paperwork 188bet mobile login.

４． Comprehensive application: Why is it said that the Qin and Han Dynasties were the establishment period of 188bet mobile login work in our country。

Learn through this chapter，Requires understanding that the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were a period of great development for secretarial work in ancient my country。This is because the central secretarial agency was decomposed into Zhongshu during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties、Under the Gate、Three ministers initially supervise each other、Restricted Department，To prevent authority expansion；A successful politician should pay attention to the relationship between the secretary and the secretary，Make full use of it，leading to the emergence of excellent 188bet mobile login in large numbers；Official document writing has begun to become an independent applied style，And conducted experience summary and theoretical research on official document writing；After paper becomes the only carrier of official documents，Leading to the creation of a series of document production systems。

Teaching hours:4 hours.

Section 1 Secretary organizations and official positions (1 credit hour)

1. Set up Zhongshu Province to replace Shangshutai

1. Cao Cao appointed Secretary Ling and Secretary (left and right) Cheng.

2. Ancient my country“Secretary”The meaning 188bet mobile login word:

(1) The secret book in the palace。(2) Refers to books such as prophecies and catalogues。(3) refers to officials。

3. Cao Pi established Zhongshu Jian and Zhongshu Ling.

4. Chief Secretary of Zhongshu Province: Zhongshu Supervisor、Zhongshu Ling，Huang Menlang，Zhongshu Sheren，Ten names in the main book，Two hundred scribes，Shu Zhu。

2. The right to set up subordinate provinces and divide them into Zhongshu Province

The formation of Menxia Province. The chief officer of Menxia Province.

3. Three provinces initially formed to restrain each other

Shang Shu Taiwan evolved into Shan Shu Province。中书、Under the Gate、The preliminary formation 188bet mobile login three provinces of Shangshu。

4. Secretary’s position in the palace

1. The Menha Province is actually a part-time palace 188bet mobile login agency。Important official position of palace secretary: Dianxian、History of Living Order。

2. From the secretary supervisor—Secretary Temple—Secretary Department。

5. Other 188bet mobile login agencies

1. The secretariat of local administrative units and their main official positions: State Registrar、Jun Cheng、County Magistrate。

2. The 188bet mobile login organization in the military: joining the army (affairs)，Recording events and joining the army、Joining the army in the record room。

Section 2 The relationship between the chief officer and the secretary (1 credit hour)

1. Cao Cao recruits credit secretary talents

Recruiting 188bet mobile login talents. Credit secretary talents: know people well and appoint them well.

2. Zhuge Liang’s requirements and promotion of 188bet mobile login

1. Zhuge Liang chose the secretary's method.

2. Zhuge Liang's ";Participation 188bet mobile login”：violation、Frankly speaking、Enter。

3. Essentials for a poor family

The reason for the secret 188bet mobile login poor family. The consequences of being in a poor family.

Section 3 Clerical and archive 188bet mobile login (2 credit hours)

1. Reasons for the great development of paperwork

1． Subjective reasons: using documents to issue orders and direct government affairs.

2. Objective reasons: the further development of papermaking.

2. Document writing becomes a professional skill

1． Official documents have become an independent style of writing:

(1) Features: 1 Narrative-based。2 has clear authority、Directive。3 short length。4Clear statement、Specific instructions。

5The diction is simple. (2) Formal style: writing and writing.

2. There appeared "handwriting" that specialized in writing official documents.

3. Began theoretical research on official documents: Cao Pi、Liu Xie’s research on official documents。

3. Document Production 188bet mobile login

1． paper 188bet mobile login.

2. Scroll 188bet mobile login.

3. Use the printing 188bet mobile login.

4． Riding stitching and pressing stitching 188bet mobile login.

5. Co-signature 188bet mobile login.

6. Check 188bet mobile login.

7． Tie edict.

8. One article, one matter 188bet mobile login.

4. Official Document Style

Basically followed the Han Dynasty, with some additions

1. The following text: (1) Issued by the emperor: imperial edict、order。(2) Governments at all levels: Fu、Post。

2. Upper text: (1) Subjects presented to the Emperor: Announcement、Note。(2) Governments at all levels: ultimatum、Memo、Project status。

3． Parallel text: related documents, edicts, and letters between governments at all levels.

5. Archives 188bet mobile login

Overview of archival 188bet mobile login. The use of archives to compile history privately became popular.

(1) 188bet mobile login organization and official positions

1. Knowledge: (1) Ancient my country“Secretary”Several meanings of the word。(2) 188bet mobile login agencies in local governments；

(3) 188bet mobile login agency in the military；(4) Palace Secretary Official Position。

２. Understanding: Set up the provinces under the gate to divide the power of Zhongshu Province.

３． Simple application: Transformation of ministerial functions.

４． Comprehensive application: describe the process 188bet mobile login evolution of Shangshutai into three provinces。

(2) The relationship between the chief officer and the secretary

1. Knowledge: (1) Cao Cao accepted、Credit Secretary Talent，Know people well and assign them well。(2) Zhuge Liang is good at promoting 188bet mobile login。

２． Understand: (1) The three-signature system；(2) Zhuge Liang is good at promoting 188bet mobile login。

３． Simple application: the causes and consequences 188bet mobile login secrets 188bet mobile login poor family.

(3) Documentary 188bet mobile login

1. Memorization: (1) Official document style；(2)Archival 188bet mobile login。

２. Understand: (1) Document production 188bet mobile login；(2) Start theoretical research on official documents；(3) Document writing becomes a professional skill。

３． Simple application: Reasons for the great development of paperwork during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties。

4. Comprehensive application: Why is it said that the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were a period of great development for 188bet mobile login work in ancient my country。

Learn through this chapter，Understanding Tang、The Song Dynasty was a mature period for secretarial work in ancient my country。This is because of Tang、The secretarial agencies in the three provinces of the imperial court during the Song Dynasty formed a specialized series；The high-quality Hanlin Academy is the palace secretarial agency；Sound local secretarial institutions at all levels；Developed a comprehensive and detailed secretarial work system in the form of laws and orders；Diverse sources of 188bet mobile login and officials，High quality，Responsibilities，Selection、Standardization of assessment system；Comprehensive separation of paperwork and archival work。

Teaching hours:６hours.

Section 1 The 188bet mobile login organization of the imperial court (2 hours)

1. Secretary functions of Tang San Province

1. Zhongshu issued an order: Draft a national military and political order.

2. Deliberation under the sect.

3. Shang Shu Execution: Execute various orders issued by Zhong Shu Sheng.

2. Official position of secretary of Tang San Province

1． Zhongshu Sheng: Zhongshu Sheren 6、Tongshi Shiren 16、Living room 2。

2. Menxiasheng: Give Shizhong, Dianyi, Fu Baolang.

3. Shangshu Province: left、Ryoupushe，Left、You Cheng，Left、Right Yuanwailang。

4. The structure of 188bet mobile login and officials in the three provinces: pyramid-shaped.

Three, 188bet mobile login departments in the three provinces of Song Dynasty

1. Zhongshu Province: Main House Affairs、Inspection Room、Urgent driving room、Class room、Manufacture and Imperial Warehouse。

2． The province under the door: Tongjin Division、Int'l Banking Department、Zhangzoufang、Sealed room、Issuance Department、Jinzouyuan。

3． Shangshu Province: demolition of houses、Urgent driving room、Class room、Manufacture and Imperial Warehouse。

4. Privy Council: Department of Purposes.

5. Third Division: Urgent Room、Supervise and urge、User documents、Demolition Department、Gou Chi Department、Issuance Department。

IV. Political Affairs Hall

1． The political affairs hall 188bet mobile login Tang Dynasty:

(1) Status: above the three provinces，Assist the prime minister in handling official court documents。

(2) Settings and functions: The Cardinal Room is responsible for the edicts and edicts issued by the emperor to the prime ministers。official、Bing、household、The fourth room of Xingli is responsible for receiving memorials and other documents from various departments and officials 188bet mobile login imperial court。

2． The power 188bet mobile login political affairs hall 188bet mobile login Song Dynasty declined.

3. Setup and functions: (1) Kongmu room: in charge of documents (2) Cancellation room: in charge of Yintang、福信。

5. 188bet mobile login agencies in local and military areas

1. Tang: (1) Place: state (county)、County level，With a secretary in charge、Judge、Kong Mu and others。

(2) Army: Implement the government army 188bet mobile login and set up military personnel.

2. Song: local sub-states、路、County level three，With state、国、Army、Fourth Supervisory Department，Among them, the 188bet mobile login officials include the administrative officer and the administrative officer。There is another escort、Low-level secretary official in the Posting Department。

Section 2: 188bet mobile login Organization of the Imperial Palace (1 Credit Hour)

1. Hanlin Academy in Tang and Song Dynasties

1． Hanlin bachelors in the Tang Dynasty: origin、Powers、Benefit selection and promotion。

2． The Hanlin Academy of Academic Affairs in the Song Dynasty: authority, selection, and role.

2. Secretary 188bet mobile login eunuch of Tang Dynasty

The emergence and results of eunuch 188bet mobile login

3. Petition agencies in the Tang and Song Dynasties

1. The Embassy Court 188bet mobile login Tang Dynasty.

2． The Imperial Court and the Drum Court in the Song Dynasty.

3. Comparison of petition agencies in the Tang and Song dynasties.

Section 3 Secretary and Official (1 credit hour)

1. The main sources of 188bet mobile login and officials in the Tang Dynasty

1． Selected from the imperial examination.

2. Hire from among the scribes.

3. Recruited from famous people.

4. Self-recommend

5. Promoted from junior 188bet mobile login and officials.

二、Overview of the sources of 188bet mobile login in the Song Dynasty and the system for selecting imperial writing 188bet mobile login

1. An overview of the sources of 188bet mobile login officials.

2. The system for selecting imperial writing 188bet mobile login and their functions.

3. The quality of 188bet mobile login and officials

1. High cultural literacy.

2． Be loyal to your duties and strictly abide by the 188bet mobile login.

3． Strong adaptability.

4. The advisory role of 188bet mobile login and officials

Advice and its methods

5. Assessment of 188bet mobile login and Officials

1. Assessment standards: Morality, conduct and ninth grade results.

2. Assessment steps: one small test every year and one big test every five years.

Section 4 Clerical and archive 188bet mobile login (2 credit hours)

1. Legalization of paperwork and archives

1. Document preparation:

(1) Penalties for forgetting taboos in documents。(2) Penalties for wrongly written official documents。

(3) Punishment regulations for entrusting others to sign official judgment documents on behalf of others。(4) Punishment regulations that should be written but not written。

(5) Penalty rules for inaccurate content of official documents。(6) Draw up penalties for default of official documents。

2. Document processing and delivery.

3. Forgery, theft, or destruction of official documents or seals:

(1)Forgery、Penalty rules for privately changing official documents。(2) Penalties for forging seals。

(3) Stealing official documents、Penalty rules for seals。(4) Penalties for destroying official documents。

4. Confidentiality: (1) Penalties for leaking confidentiality。(2) Punishment regulations for privately demolishing official documents。

2. Paperwork 188bet mobile login

1. “Four Bans”188bet mobile login。

2． paper 188bet mobile login.

3． Document folding 188bet mobile login.

4. Official document packaging and numbering 188bet mobile login.

5． Yellow labeling 188bet mobile login.

6. Document preparation and transcription 188bet mobile login.

7． Official document signature and judgment 188bet mobile login.

8. One article, one matter 188bet mobile login.

9． Document handover 188bet mobile login.

10. Huang diversion 188bet mobile login.

11. The 188bet mobile login of avoiding taboos on official document headers.

12. Official document format.

13. Military postal 188bet mobile login.

14. Confidentiality 188bet mobile login.

15. Commentary on Song Dynasty Documents、Internal batch、Advanced chapter、recorded in white、Some rules for recording pornography。

3. Official document style

1. Next text:

(1) Imperial Order Document: 7 Types of Tang Dynasty，Volume、Bookmaking、Condolence book making、Issue the Imperial Edict、Edict on Matters、Edict、ultimatum。

Song 7 species，Books、Bookmaking、Edict、Gaoming、Edict、Yuzha、Edict。

(2) Tang、The following text from the Song Dynasty court and local government offices: Tang Juan、Tang Tie、Xuan、剳、Zha Zi、Part symbol、Ministry of Information。

2. Upper text:

(1) Courtiers submitted to the emperor: Tang Weibiao、State、start、ultimate、discuss、sparse、ripe state。Song Wei Zhazi、Bangzi。

(2) Local government offices: There are words and petitions in Tang and Song Dynasties.

3. Parallel text:

Tang、Parallel texts between Song Dynasty officials and government offices、thorn、Move abroad，Song also added a report、Mibai、ultimate。

4. Diversion of clerical and archive 188bet mobile login

1. Separation of paperwork and archival 188bet mobile login (1) Jiaku in the Tang Dynasty。(2) The Gege Library of the Song Dynasty。

2. The archival 188bet mobile login system tends to be improved

(1) Tang: Archive range、Time，One case, one volume，Identification，Check and trim，Inquiry 188bet mobile login

(2) Song Dynasty: Concentration of Archives、Organization、Safety、View、Identification and destruction。

(1) 188bet mobile login Organization of the Imperial Court

1. Knowledge: (1) Tang Dynasty、Song Zhengshi Hall；(2) Tang、Other 188bet mobile login agencies in Song Dynasty；(3) The 188bet mobile login department in the Privy Council of the Song Dynasty；

(4)The 188bet mobile login department of the Three Divisions of the Song Dynasty.

２. Understand: (1) The main secretarial positions in the three provinces of the Tang Dynasty；(2) The structure of 188bet mobile login and officials in the three provinces of the Tang Dynasty；

(3) The 188bet mobile login department in the three provinces of the Song Dynasty.

３． Simple application: (1) 188bet mobile login functions of each of the three provinces of the Tang Dynasty；(2) 188bet mobile login departments in the three provinces of the Song Dynasty。

４． Comprehensive application: Tang、Comparison of job functions of 188bet mobile login in the three provinces of Song Dynasty。

(2) 188bet mobile login Organization of the Royal Palace

1. Recognition: (1) Name of Bachelor of Song Hanlin；(2) The confidentiality measures taken by Bachelor Song Hanlin when drafting the edict；(3)Tang Hanlin’s treatment。

２. Understand: (1) The reasons for the emergence of Bachelor Tang Hanlin；(2) Tang、The origin of Bachelor Song Hanlin。

３． Simple application: the scope of authority of Hanlin's bachelor in Tang and Song Dynasties.

４． Comprehensive application: Tang、The role of Bachelor Song Hanlin、Status。

(3) Petition agency

1. Notes: The Embassy Court 188bet mobile login Tang Dynasty.

２. Comprehension: The functions 188bet mobile login Procuratorate and the Drum Court in the Song Dynasty were different.

３． Simple application: Comparison of petition agencies in the Tang and Song Dynasties.

(4) Secretary and Official

1. Knowledge: (1) Tang Dynasty、The source of Song’s 188bet mobile login and officials。(2) Evaluation system for 188bet mobile login and officials。

２. Understand: (1) The system of selecting court 188bet mobile login in the Song Dynasty；(2) The national integrity of 188bet mobile login and officials in the Song Dynasty。

３． Simple application: the quality of 188bet mobile login and officials.

(5) Documentary 188bet mobile login

1. Memorization: (1) Legalization of paperwork；(2) Official document style；(3)Jiaku of Tang Dynasty； (4) The Jigeku 188bet mobile login Song Dynasty。

２. Understand: (1) Paperwork system；(2) Various archive 188bet mobile login systems。

３． Simple application: Comparison of archival 188bet mobile login in the Tang and Song Dynasties.

４． Comprehensive application: Why talk about Tang、The Song Dynasty was a mature period for 188bet mobile login work in ancient my country。

Learn through this chapter，Understanding Liao、Gold、The Yuan Dynasty was a period of integration of secretarial work in our country。This is because their secretarial work has original national characteristics，Absorbed Tang again、Song’s experience，Exhibiting the characteristics of the integration of the two；The overall level does not exceed Tang、Song，But，Created in some way，For example, the strengthening of translation work in secretarial business；The Central Secretariat of the Liao Dynasty was divided into South、Northern two teams，To adapt to the administrative management of areas with different ethnic groups；The express delivery system of the Jin Dynasty；The selection system of 188bet mobile login and officials in the Yuan Dynasty, etc.。

Teaching hours:6 hours.

Section 1 Secretary 188bet mobile login in Liao and Jin Dynasties (2 hours)

1. Liao’s 188bet mobile login work

1. Secretarial organization and personnel: Southern official and Northern official system。Ling Shi、Translator and other 188bet mobile login and officials。

2. Clerical and archival work: (1) Recruiting Han people as 188bet mobile login officials。(2) Spending a lot of money to purchase Song Dynasty archives。

(3) Pay attention to the archival 188bet mobile login of this dynasty.

2. Jin’s 188bet mobile login work

1. Secretarial structure and personnel: The central government establishes the Shangshu Province、Marshal’s Mansion、Hanlin Academy。Local government、State、County Judge、Secretary Zhang、Master Book、Kong Mu and the Governor、Writing、Dumu etc.。Jin’s 188bet mobile login have higher quality requirements。

2. Documentary and archive 188bet mobile login: Created an express delivery system to quickly deliver official documents。The reason for the high level of Jin’s clerical and archival 188bet mobile login。

Section 2 The 188bet mobile login organization and official positions of the Yuan Dynasty (2 hours)

1. 188bet mobile login Organization

1.Secretary Department of Zhongshu Province: Department of Acceptance and Development、Guan Gou Si、Inspection Department、Toruma Institute、Current Affairs Department。

2. Other 188bet mobile login agencies.

2. Secretary’s position

1. Document officials: Lingshi, Sishi, Shushi, all must be red.

2． Translator: translator, general manager.

3． Communication officials: propaganda envoys and messengers.

4. Other important 188bet mobile login staff: Zhiyin, Dianli, etc.

3. The origin of 188bet mobile login and officials

1. The origin of trainee 188bet mobile login: young people who dropped out of school、The official’s son、The fired official。

2. The source of 188bet mobile login and clerks in local government offices: Tie Shu、Trainee clerk in writing and hair style。

3． The origin of 188bet mobile login and clerks in the central government: Sui Gong、Official official。

4. The status of 188bet mobile login and the phenomenon of fraud.

Section 3: Clerical and archive 188bet mobile login in the Yuan Dynasty (2 hours)

1. Paperwork 188bet mobile login

1. Follow the grinding and surveying 188bet mobile login.

2． Zhupinwenbin 188bet mobile login.

3. Translation and copywriting 188bet mobile login.

4. Official document deposit 188bet mobile login.

5． Face-to-face submission 188bet mobile login.

6． Urgent 188bet mobile login.

7. Annual submission 188bet mobile login.

8. Seal 188bet mobile login.

9. Official document delivery 188bet mobile login (email delivery 188bet mobile login): Post Station、Express delivery shop。

2. Official document style

1． The following text: I present this memorial to the emperor、start。Official authorities at all levels have submitted、Shen、Excellent Certificate。

2． The following text: The emperor issued a letter as an imperial edict，Official offices at all levels have promised payment，This ultimatum，Conductor, etc.。

3． Parallel text: consultation, flat ultimatum.

In addition, there are also documents such as the Green Book and the Fish Scale Book.

(1) Liao’s 188bet mobile login work

1. Knowledge: There are two sets of 188bet mobile login agencies in the south and north.

２. Comprehension: The Liao Dynasty learned from the Song Dynasty’s experience in document and archive 188bet mobile login。

(2) Jin’s 188bet mobile login work

1. Shiji: The name 188bet mobile login secretary and official.

２. Understand: express delivery 188bet mobile login.

３． Simple application: Comparison of 188bet mobile login work in Liao and Jin.

(3) 188bet mobile login agencies and official positions in the Yuan Dynasty

1. Memorization: (1) 188bet mobile login Organization。(2)Secretary position。

２. Comprehension: The origin of 188bet mobile login and officials.

３． Simple application: the status of 188bet mobile login and clerks and the phenomenon of fraud.

４． Comprehensive application: summarize the Yuan Dynasty’s system of progressive promotion of 188bet mobile login and officials

(4) Documentary and archive 188bet mobile login in the Yuan Dynasty

1. Memorization: (1) Official document style。(2)Archival 188bet mobile login。

２. Understand: express delivery 188bet mobile login.

３． Simple application: paperwork 188bet mobile login.

４． Comprehensive application: Why say Liao、The Jin and Yuan Dynasties were a period of integration of 188bet mobile login work in our country。

Learn through this chapter，Understand that the Ming Dynasty was a period of intensification of secretarial work in ancient my country。This is because the prime minister system was abolished in the early Ming Dynasty，The emperor relies on the secretariat to directly direct state affairs，Resulting in efforts to strengthen the secretarial organization and secretarial work system，Its central secretariat has a large number、Large scale、High status、Great effect，Tightly controlled by the emperor；188bet mobile login and officials mainly come from scribes who came from the imperial examination，High business level，Improved the quality of secretarial work；Mid and late Ming Dynasty，Due to the expansion of the authority of the eunuch secretary department，Repeatedly manipulate government affairs，It once caused chaos in secretarial work。

Teaching hours:4 hours.

Section 1 Secretariat and 188bet mobile login and Officials (1 credit hour)

1. Cabinet

Establish background, functions, and settings.

Second and Sixth Section

Li, household, soldier, etiquette, punishment, 188bet mobile login function, official position.

3. General Affairs Department

Establish background, functions, and official positions.

4. Supervisor of Ceremonies and Clerk’s Room.

Establish background, functions, and official positions.

5. Central departments and local 188bet mobile login agencies

Section 2 The origin and status of 188bet mobile login staff (1 credit hour)

1. Source of 188bet mobile login staff

Imperial examination selection。Supervisor“Calendar 188bet mobile login”。

2. The status of 188bet mobile login and officials.

Section 3: Clerical and Archives 188bet mobile login (2 hours)

1. Paperwork 188bet mobile login

1. Voting 188bet mobile login.

2． Yellow labeling 188bet mobile login.

3. Official document format.

4. Official font.

5. Line migration and survey integration 188bet mobile login.

6. Upper and lower text processing procedures.

2. The chaos of paperwork in the middle and late Ming Dynasty and Zhang Juzheng’s rectification

1. Cause of confusion.

2. Zhang Juzheng’s rectification measures and effects.

3. Official document style

1. Upper text: (1) The ministers send the emperor: title、play、Table etc.。

(2) Officials at all levels: consultation submissions, petitions, petitions, ultimatums, etc.

2. The following text: (1) Imperial order: imperial edict、寰、Made、Volume text、Oracle、Book、symbol、Ling et al.。

(2) Various agencies and governments: notes, letters, and posts.

3. Parallel texts: Pingzi, Pingguan, Pingdu.

4. Archival 188bet mobile login

1. The large-scale central archives: the cabinet library、Houhu Huangceku, etc.。

2. Complete archival 188bet mobile login system: production and binding、Category saving、Safety、View、Security, etc.。

(1) 188bet mobile login agencies and 188bet mobile login officials

1. Memorization: (1) Introduction to various central 188bet mobile login agencies；(2) 188bet mobile login agencies of central government ministries and local governments

２. Comprehension: Cabinet、Six subjects、Functions 188bet mobile login General Affairs Department、Status。

３． Simple application: Strengthening the context of central 188bet mobile login agencies.

(2) Origin and status of 188bet mobile login staff

1. Knowledge: (1) The origin of 188bet mobile login and officials；(2)Supervisor“Calendar System”。

２. Understand: the status of 188bet mobile login and officials.

(3) Documentary 188bet mobile login

1. Memorize: (1) Various paperwork systems； (2) Official document style；(3)Large-scale central archives。

２. Understanding: The archival 188bet mobile login system is complete.

３． Simple application: the chaos of paperwork in the middle and late Ming Dynasty and Zhang Juzheng’s reforms。

４． Comprehensive application: Why the Ming Dynasty was a period of intensification of 188bet mobile login work in ancient my country

Learn through this chapter，Understand that the Qing Dynasty was the perfect period for secretarial work in ancient my country。This is because in the early Qing Dynasty，The rulers draw on the experience of past generations，Reversed the chaotic situation of secretarial work in the late Ming Dynasty，Solved the problem of the eunuch secretariat’s expansion and interference in politics，Effective measures have been taken，Controlled the issue of ultra vires of the Central Secretariat；The secretarial organization is gradually becoming more capable，Fast service，Very efficient；Selection system for 188bet mobile login and officials、Every secretarial business work system is perfect。But，Because our country’s feudal system has declined at this time，188bet mobile login and clerks in local government offices and capital ministries control government affairs，Fraud for personal gain，It is one of the reasons for the darkness of officialdom，Cause“The Qing Dynasty shares the world with officials and subordinates”phenomenon，marks the time when secretarial work in feudal society reached perfection，Also begins to decline、Decline。

Teaching hours:6 hours.

Section 1 Central Secretariat (2 hours)

1. Cabinet

1. The evolution 188bet mobile login cabinet: from the three inner chambers to the cabinet.

2． Internal organs 188bet mobile login cabinet: Department of Classics、Full room、Hanbenfang、Mongolian room、Full ticket signing area、Han ticket signing office、Gaochifang、

Inspection room, red mailing and receiving office, batch office, copy library.

3. Responsibilities 188bet mobile login cabinet: (1) Participate in deliberation。(2) Apply for this chapter。(3) Draft、Accept the decree。(4) Preparation、Organization Ceremony。(5) Storing important files。

II. Military Aircraft Department

1． The internal structure 188bet mobile login Military Aircraft Department: Military Aircraft Minister, Military Aircraft Zhang Jing.

2. Responsibilities 188bet mobile login Military Aircraft Department: (1) Participate in political discussions。(2) Drafting the imperial edict。(3) Handling memorials、Open reward list。

(4) Consultant、Be a staff officer。(5) Participate in the trial of major cases。(6) Memorial to civil and military officials。

3. Characteristics 188bet mobile login Military Aircraft Department

Strictly controlled by the emperor。Broad responsibilities。Smart and capable personnel。Very efficient。Strict confidentiality measures。

3. Other central 188bet mobile login agencies

1. Six subjects: officials、household、Ceremony、Bing、Xing、Workers and their respective responsibilities。

2． Zhongshu Branch.

3. General Affairs Department and its responsibilities.

4. The memorial office and its responsibilities.

5. Inspect the imperial edict incident office.

6. Good news office.

7. South study.

4. 188bet mobile login agencies of central ministries and localities

1． The 188bet mobile login agencies of the central ministries and agencies: each of the six ministries has a department of affairs、At the current month、Supervision Office。

2． Local Secretariat: Province、Prefecture (state)、County level three，Respectively as governor、Prefect、The county magistrate is in charge。Corresponding design experience

Secretary agencies such as departments and experience offices.

5. The newly formed 188bet mobile login agency after the Opium War

1． The 188bet mobile login department and its responsibilities during the Guangxu period.

2． Xuantong is responsible for the 188bet mobile login department and its responsibilities in the cabinet.

Section 2: 188bet mobile login and Officials (2 hours)

1. Selection of military aircraft Zhang Jing

1. The responsibilities of military aircraft Zhang Jing.

2. The origin 188bet mobile login military aircraft Zhang Jing.

3． Military aircraft Zhang Jing's conditions.

2. Scribe

1． The name 188bet mobile login scribe.

2. The reasons for the corruption of scribes.

3． Rectification of scribes: Yongzheng’s decree on scribes’ responsibilities、Term term、Provisions for supervision, etc.。

3. Staff

1． The name and origin of staff

2. Reasons for the prevalence of aides in the Qing Dynasty:

The chief officer is stupid、Increased business requirements、The chief officer is wary 188bet mobile login scribes、Forced to make a living and find a way out。

3. Responsibilities of staff: (1) Participate in planning、Advice and advice。(2) Drafting Chapters、wenyi、Manage files。

(3)Supervision、Restrain the scribes。(4) Trial、Arbitration civil cases。

(5)Verification、Collect various taxes。(6) Review test papers, etc.。

4． The relationship between staff and master.

4. The emergence of episodic works

Section 3 Clerical and archive 188bet mobile login (2 credit hours)

1. Paperwork 188bet mobile login

The leap forward in paperwork in the early Qing Dynasty，ticket、Inspection、Reminder、Confidential。

2. Processing of title book and secret music

1. Question book processing procedure: collection、Incoming submission、Emperor’s approval、Record Vice、fax、Reply、Publicity、Save、Archived。

2． Secret 188bet mobile login: writing、Paper、Envelope、Seal box、Submit、Review、Return、Return。

3. Features of secret music: easy to write、Written quickly、Highly Confidential (Core)。

3. Official document style

1． Next text: The emperor promulgated: Book making、Edict、Gaoming、Edict、The difference between an edict and a decree。

2. The upper text: The ministers present to the emperor: title, memorial, table, and note.

3． The style of official documents at all levels 188bet mobile login Qing Dynasty is roughly similar to that 188bet mobile login Ming Dynasty.

4. Archival 188bet mobile login

1. Pre-entry filing 188bet mobile login.

2． Restoration and establishment of archival institutions.

3. Archives 188bet mobile login system: all systems from the previous generation are used，Enhanced copying，Regular Inspection、Repair，Classification，Confidentiality and other 188bet mobile login。

4. Changes in archive composition: Breaking through the limitations of royal archives，New technology、Education、Photo、Video files and special files。

(1) Cabinet

1. Memorization: (1) From the three inner chambers to the cabinet；(2) 188bet mobile login Department in the Cabinet。

２. Understand: the responsibilities 188bet mobile login cabinet and its changes.

(2)Military Aircraft Department

１． Remember: The structure 188bet mobile login Military Aircraft Department.

２． Understanding: The emergence and evolution 188bet mobile login Military Aircraft Service.

３． Simple application: 188bet mobile login function of the Military Aircraft Department.

４． Comprehensive application: characteristics 188bet mobile login Military Aircraft Department.

(3) Other 188bet mobile login agencies

1. Notes: (1) Office of Reporting；(2)中书科；(3) Six subjects；(4)General Affairs Department； (5)Inspection Office of Imperial Orders；

(6) South Study Room; (7) Good News Office.

２. Understand: (1) General Affairs Secretary；(2) The 188bet mobile login agency created after the Opium War

(4) Selection of military aircraft Zhang Jing

1． Knowledge: (1) Military aircraft Zhang Jing’s responsibilities；(2) The origin of military aircraft Zhang Jing。

２． Understand: Military aircraft Zhang Jing’s conditions.

(5) Scribe

1. Shiji: The name 188bet mobile login scribe.

２． Understand: (1) The abuses of scribes；(2) Rectification of scribes。

(6) Staff

1. Knowledge: the names and origins of staff.

２． Understand: (1) Reasons for the prevalence of aides in the Qing Dynasty；(2) The origin of Qing Dynasty staff。

３． Simple application: (1) Responsibilities of staff；(2) The relationship between staff and master。

４． Comprehensive application: summarize the characteristics of Qing Dynasty staff.

(7) Documentary and File 188bet mobile login

１． Memorization: (1) The leap forward in clerical 188bet mobile login in the early Qing Dynasty；(2) Official document style； (3) Archival 188bet mobile login before entry； (4) Creation of archives。

２. Understand: (1) Question book processing procedure； (2)Paperwork 188bet mobile login； (3) The production of secret music；(4) Changes in file composition；

(5) Archives 188bet mobile login system.

３． Simple application: secret music, writing program.

４． Comprehensive application: (1) Characteristics of dense music；(2) Why is it said that the Qing Dynasty was the perfect period for 188bet mobile login work in ancient my country。

Learn through this chapter，Understand the overview of secretarial work in modern my country，Understand the characteristics of modern secretarial work compared with ancient secretarial work: the Nanjing Provisional Government pioneered modern secretarial work in my country，His secretarial work reflects anti-feudal democratic ideas，There are many innovations in various systems，Imitated by all modern regimes；The secretarial work of the Beiyang Government is generally inherited from the Nanjing Provisional Government，The establishment of secretarial agencies is gradually improving and becoming consistent，Some 188bet mobile login’ business skills have improved；The Kuomintang government’s secretarial work has made some progress，Sound organizational structure，The selection of 188bet mobile login is relatively strict，Business skills have developed，Carried out academic research on secretarial work，Well Learning、Absorb foreign experience。However，Due to the corruption of the Kuomintang government，There are also drawbacks and corruption in his secretarial work。

Teaching hours:6 hours.

Section 1 Secretary 188bet mobile login of the Nanjing Provisional Government (2 hours)

1. 188bet mobile login structure and official positions of temporary organizations

1． Secretariat 188bet mobile login Provisional Presidential Palace: Staffing and Functions.

2. Organs directly under the presidential administration with 188bet mobile login properties: nine ministries and three bureaus、Secretary position within the third bureau。

3. 188bet mobile login agencies and official positions in various administrative ministries: Secretariat and Secretary。

4． Senate Clerk's Office.

5. Local government 188bet mobile login agencies:

(1) The 188bet mobile login agency of Hubei Military Government。(2) 188bet mobile login agencies in Zhejiang and other provinces。（3）国、County Secretariat。

2. 188bet mobile login staff

1. Categories and status of 188bet mobile login staff: consultants and counselors、Secretary-General and Secretary、Other 188bet mobile login staff。

2． Sources of secretarial staff: (1) Recruited from revolutionary party members such as alliance members。(2) Select from 188bet mobile login of the old regime。

3. Paperwork

1． Create a new official document style: upper text 1、Context 6、Parallel text 1、Foreign Culture and Sports 1。

2. Specify new official document formats: text style, line style, and word style.

3． The feudal titles in official documents were abolished.

4． stipulates a new chronology method for official documents.

5. Establishing a new paperwork 188bet mobile login: registration、Submission、Manuscript、Revision、Send、Archived。

6． Create new methods for issuing official documents.

Section 2 Secretary 188bet mobile login in the Beiyang Government (2 hours)

1. Central Secretariat

1． Secretariat 188bet mobile login Presidential Palace.

2. The 188bet mobile login agency of the State Council.

3. 188bet mobile login agency of Congress.

4． 188bet mobile login agencies of various central government ministries.

2. Other 188bet mobile login agencies

1. The secretariat 188bet mobile login provincial department.

2. The 188bet mobile login agency of the Highways Department.

3. The 188bet mobile login agency of the county office.

4． The 188bet mobile login agency of the judiciary.

5． Secretariat of military agencies.

6. Characteristics of the 188bet mobile login agency of the Beiyang government: (1) 188bet mobile login agencies or personnel are established from the central to local governments。(2) The names and functions of 188bet mobile login agencies tend to be consistent。(3) Most agencies only have one department responsible for all affairs。(4) Clear scope of authority。(5) Level name confusion。

3. 188bet mobile login staff

1. The title and rank status of 188bet mobile login staff.

2． Appointment of 188bet mobile login officers: (1) Appointment of general 188bet mobile login officers。(2) Appointment of senior 188bet mobile login officials。

4. Paperwork

1. Official document style: presidential decree, State Council decree, etc.

2． Paperwork system: following the practices 188bet mobile login Nanjing Provisional Government，Refined and added some new systems，Such as countersignature system and document number。

5. Archives 188bet mobile login

1. The general establishment and improvement of government archives institutions.

2． Archival 188bet mobile login system: in the divided scope、File editing、Classification、No.、Cataloging、Storage period、Destroy、Principles have been stipulated in terms of access etc.。

3． The development of archives 188bet mobile login and the phenomenon of corruption: (1) Seven manifestations of development。(2) Corruption。

Section 3 Secretary 188bet mobile login in the Kuomintang government (2 hours)

1. 188bet mobile login organization and personnel

1. Central 188bet mobile login agency.

2. Attendant's room.

3. Other 188bet mobile login agencies.

4． Selection of 188bet mobile login staff.

2. Reform of 188bet mobile login work

1.1927—Reforms of 1933。

2．1933—Reforms of 1935。

3．1938—Reforms of 1945。

4. The reforms of 1947.

3. Paperwork

1. Procedures for receiving and sending official documents.

2. Official document format and paper requirements.

3. Official document style: (1) Headline: present、Report。(2)Summary: command、Instruction、Command、Announcement、Batch。

(3) Parallel text: letter, notice. and other languages.

4． Disadvantages of Paperwork

4. Archival 188bet mobile login

1. The development of archival 188bet mobile login.

2. Disadvantages of archival 188bet mobile login.

5. Academic research and cultivation of 188bet mobile login talents

The school cultivates secretarial talents. Characteristics of the work of allergic party 188bet mobile login.

（—）Secretary 188bet mobile login of Nanjing Provisional Government

1． Remember: (1) Secretariat of the Provisional Presidential Palace；(2) Organs directly under the President；(3) 188bet mobile login agencies and official positions of various administrative ministries；

(4) Senate Secretary Office；(5) Secretariat of local government； (6) Official document style。

２． Understand: (1) Types and status of 188bet mobile login；(2) Source of secretarial staff。

３． Simple application: paperwork 188bet mobile login.

(2) 188bet mobile login work of the Beiyang Government

1． Memorize: (1) Central Secretariat；(2)Local Secretariat；(3) Official document style；(4)Archives Organization。

２. Understand: (1) Title of 188bet mobile login staff；(2)Secretary’s rank；(3)Archival work system；

(4) The development and corruption of archives 188bet mobile login.

３． Simple application: (1) Characteristics of the Beiyang Government Secretariat；(2) Selection of 188bet mobile login and officials、Appointment system

(3) 188bet mobile login work of the Kuomintang government

1. Memorization: (1) 188bet mobile login Organization；(2)Official document format；(3) Official document style；(4) Development of archives work

２． Understand: (1) Cultivation of 188bet mobile login； (2) Selection of secretarial staff；(3) Disadvantages of paperwork；(4) Disadvantages of archival work。

３． Simple application: Reform of 188bet mobile login work.

４． Comprehensive application: (1) Evaluation of the work of the Kuomintang government 188bet mobile login。(2) Evaluation of the work of 188bet mobile login in modern my country。

Learn through this chapter，Understand the creation process of 188bet mobile login work of the Communist Party of China and the early days of the party and the Red Army、Overview of 188bet mobile login work in the Soviet government，Understand the characteristics of the party’s 188bet mobile login work in the early stage；Main experiences and lessons learned from the Party’s 188bet mobile login work in the early days。

Teaching hours:8 hours.

Section 1 The emergence of 188bet mobile login and secretarial agencies within the party。(2 credit hours)

1. The emergence of party 188bet mobile login

1. The earliest secretary in the party: (1) The secretary 188bet mobile login party’s first secretary。(2) The Party Central Committee officially establishes a secretary。

2． The five major responsibilities and two major characteristics 188bet mobile login earliest secretary 188bet mobile login Party Central Committee.

3. Responsibilities of Technical Secretary.

2. Establishment 188bet mobile login Secretariat 188bet mobile login Party Central Committee

1. The creation 188bet mobile login Central Secretariat.

2. Structure 188bet mobile login Central Secretariat: Clerical Section、Transportation Section、Accounting Department。

3. Eight responsibilities 188bet mobile login Central Secretariat.

3. Secretary-General 188bet mobile login CPC Central Committee

Establishment background and responsibilities.

Section 2: Expansion 188bet mobile login Secretariat 188bet mobile login CPC Central Committee (2 hours)

1. The reconstructed structure 188bet mobile login Central Secretariat

1． Clerical Department: Mailing and Receiving Office、Secret code、Mimeograph Office、Document Reading Center、Document Storage。

2. Translation Section.

3． Inland Transport Section: Establishment and Responsibilities.

4. Out-of-town Traffic Section: Establishment and Responsibilities.

2. Update 188bet mobile login Concept 188bet mobile login Central Secretariat

Five everything: politicization of all 188bet mobile login。Collectivization of all 188bet mobile login。All 188bet mobile login becomes scientific and systematic。All 188bet mobile login must be performed with supervision。

3. Expansion of functions and improvement of status 188bet mobile login Central Secretariat

1. The status of the Central Secretariat: the executor of the daily 188bet mobile login of the leading agency，Summary of minutes 188bet mobile login，The hub of up-down communication。

2． Functions of the Central Secretariat: to guide the 188bet mobile login work of the entire Party、Edit "Secretariat Communications"。

3. significance.

Section 3 The establishment of 188bet mobile login work in the Soviet government and the Red Army (2 hours)

1. The establishment of 188bet mobile login work in the Soviet government

1. Establishment of General Affairs Office: Document、Print、Transportation、Send and receive、Accounting、Six shares of affairs。

2. The emergence 188bet mobile login chief’s full-time secretary: conditions and tasks。

2. The establishment of 188bet mobile login work in the Red Army

1. Secretariat in the Red Army: Secretariat 188bet mobile login Central Military Commission 188bet mobile login Communist Party of China、Secretariat of Jinggangshan Former Enemy Committee、Other military agencies at all levels

Secretary organization.

2. The establishment 188bet mobile login Red Army Radio Station.

3. 188bet mobile login work for the Red Army during the Long March.

3. Secretariat of local organizations 188bet mobile login Communist Party of China

1. The secretariat of local party organizations.

2． The secretariat of local Soviet governments.

Section 4: Clerical and Archives 188bet mobile login (2 hours)

1. Paperwork

1. Characteristics of document production: (1) Writing style that emphasizes seeking truth from facts。(2) Write political and business documents separately (3) Write in vernacular (4) Use punctuation marks。(5) Use codenames and passwords。

2. Paperwork 188bet mobile login: issuance 188bet mobile login、Document sending and receiving registration and storage 188bet mobile login、Distribution of files、Circulation of documents。

3. Document delivery 188bet mobile login: secret mail、Establish a secret traffic officer、Establish a transportation network、Use secret radio station。

4． Document confidentiality 188bet mobile login: steganography、Disguise of documents、Confidentiality in file delivery。

5. Common types of writing: resolutions, declarations, programs, etc.

2. Inspection 188bet mobile login

1. Provisions for secret storage of records.

2． One article has multiple collection systems.

3. Central library.

(1) The emergence of 188bet mobile login and secretarial agencies within the party

1． Knowledge: (1) The earliest secretary in the party；(2)Technical Secretary。

２． Understand: (1) The emergence 188bet mobile login Central Secretariat (2) The structure 188bet mobile login Central Secretariat

３． Simple application: (1) Responsibilities 188bet mobile login Central Secretariat。(2)Secretary-General 188bet mobile login CPC Central Committee。

４． Comprehensive application: Responsibilities and characteristics 188bet mobile login earliest secretary 188bet mobile login Central Committee 188bet mobile login Communist Party of China

(2) Expansion 188bet mobile login Secretariat 188bet mobile login CPC Central Committee

1. Note: The reconstructed structure 188bet mobile login Central Secretariat.

２． Comprehension: Expansion of functions 188bet mobile login Central Secretariat、Improvement of status

３． Simple Application: Renewal 188bet mobile login Central Secretariat Concept.

(3) The establishment of 188bet mobile login work in the Soviet government and the Red Army

1． Remember: (1) The establishment of the General Affairs Office；(2) 188bet mobile login Organization in the Red Army；(3) Secretariat of local party organizations；

(4) The 188bet mobile login agency of the local Soviet government.

２． Comprehension: (1) The emergence 188bet mobile login chief’s full-time secretary；(2) The establishment 188bet mobile login Red Army Radio Station。

３． Simple application: 188bet mobile login work of the Red Army during the Long March.

(4) Documentary and archive 188bet mobile login

1. Memorization: (1) Common language types；(2) Multiple collection 188bet mobile login for one article；(3)Central Library。

２． Understand: (1) Characteristics of document production；(2)Paperwork 188bet mobile login；(3)File delivery 188bet mobile login。

３． Simple application: (1) Document confidentiality 188bet mobile login；(2) Regulations on secret storage of archives。

Learn through this chapter，Understand the overview of the 188bet mobile login work of the Communist Party of China during the Anti-Japanese War and the War of Liberation，Understand the gradual development of 188bet mobile login agencies in party, government and military organizations at all levels of the Communist Party of China during this period，The 188bet mobile login work system is gradually becoming stricter，Extensive experience in 188bet mobile login work，Laid the foundation for 188bet mobile login work after the founding of the People's Republic of China。

Teaching hours:8 hours.

Section 1 The Development 188bet mobile login Central Secretariat (3 Credit Hours)

1. Restoration 188bet mobile login Central Secretariat

1. Internal structure 188bet mobile login Central Secretariat:

Clerical Department、Confidential Section、Accounting Department、Information Section、Telecommunications Division、Transportation Section、stenography room、Mailroom。

2. Expansion of functions 188bet mobile login Central Secretariat:

Assigned to formulate agency 188bet mobile login system，Forward documents and materials，Guide national telecommunications business，Added printing business。

II. Establishment 188bet mobile login General Office 188bet mobile login Central Secretariat

1． Structure 188bet mobile login Central Office: Secretariat、Administrative Bureau of Central Government Agencies、Party Committee of Organs Directly Under the Central Government、Special Accounting Section。

2. Division of labor among leading cadres 188bet mobile login General Office 188bet mobile login CPC Central Committee: Secretary-General 188bet mobile login CPC Central Committee、Director 188bet mobile login General Office 188bet mobile login CPC Central Committee、Director and Deputy Director 188bet mobile login Secretariat。

3． The division and development 188bet mobile login General Office 188bet mobile login Central Committee.

Section 2 The Development of Other 188bet mobile login Agencies (2 Credit Hours)

1. Secretariat 188bet mobile login Anti-Japanese Democratic Base Area

1. The 188bet mobile login agency of the border region government.

2. The 188bet mobile login agency of the border area party organization.

3. The 188bet mobile login agency of the Senate.

2. Secretariat 188bet mobile login People’s Government 188bet mobile login Liberated Areas

Secretary's Office. office.

3. 188bet mobile login Organization in the Military

1. The secretariat 188bet mobile login New Fourth Army and the Eighth Route Army.

2. The secretariat 188bet mobile login Chinese People's Liberation Army.

Section 3 Documentation and Confidentiality (3 hours)

1. Document processing

1. Characteristics of paper processing 188bet mobile login:

Handler complete、Collectively issued、Establish a document circulation 188bet mobile login、Concise and consistent language、Unified seal specifications。

2. Archive 188bet mobile login

1． Archival 188bet mobile login during the Anti-Japanese War.

2. Archival 188bet mobile login in the war of liberation: 1、二、Three transfers。

3. Confidentiality

Confidential work system: strict review of 188bet mobile login staff，Defined file confidentiality level，Determine the scope of reading secret files，Established secretly

File Storage Room、Application code、Improving the document processing 188bet mobile login，Check secret files often。

4. Archives 188bet mobile login in the War of Liberation.

(1) Development 188bet mobile login Central Secretariat

1． Remember: (1) Structure 188bet mobile login Central Secretariat；(2) Structure 188bet mobile login Central Office。

２. Understand: (1) Expansion of functions 188bet mobile login Central Secretariat；(2) Division of labor among leading cadres 188bet mobile login General Office 188bet mobile login Central Committee

３． Simple application: the division, integration and development 188bet mobile login Central Office.

４． Comprehensive application: Try to compare the differences between the General Office 188bet mobile login Central Committee and the Secretariat 188bet mobile login Central Committee

(2) Development of other 188bet mobile login agencies

1． Remember: (1) The 188bet mobile login agency of the border region government；(2) Secretariat of the border area party organization；(3) Secretariat of the Senate；

(4)New Fourth Army、The Secretariat 188bet mobile login Eighth Route Army；(5) Secretariat 188bet mobile login People’s Liberation Army。

２. Understand: (1) Secretary's Office; (2) Office.

３． Simple application: Responsibilities 188bet mobile login Military Confidential Department and Confidential Section.

(3) Documentation and confidentiality 188bet mobile login

1． Remembering: Archival 188bet mobile login during the Anti-Japanese War.

２. Understand: (1) Document processing system；(2) Archival 188bet mobile login in the war of liberation。

３． Simple application: (1) Confidential work system；(2) 188bet mobile login work of the Communist Party of China (1936-1949)

Learn through this chapter，Summary of the contents of the book，Understand the evolution of secretarial work in our country on this basis、Basic development rules and secretarial structure settings，Selection of 188bet mobile login and officials、Management，Experience in various major secretarial services、Lesson，And the fine tradition of secretarial staff；Understand the secretarial work principles formed by the Communist Party of China before the founding of New China、Experience in building ideological and secretarial teams。

Teaching hours:8 hours.

Section 1: Experience and lessons learned in setting up 188bet mobile login organizations (2 hours)

1. Evolution 188bet mobile login Central Secretariat—Expansion and Return

The evolution cycle of the central 188bet mobile login agencies of past dynasties。The reason for the transmutation cycle。

2. The relatively stable development of local 188bet mobile login agencies in the past dynasties and its reasons

The evolution of local 188bet mobile login agencies in the past。Reasons for the relatively stable development of local 188bet mobile login agencies in the past。

Inspiration from the establishment of 188bet mobile login agencies in past dynasties.

Section 2 Selection and management of 188bet mobile login and officials (1 credit hour)

1. The evolution of the names of 188bet mobile login and officials in the past dynasties

2. Selection system of 188bet mobile login and officials in past dynasties

The source of 188bet mobile login of past generations、Selection；Inspiration from the secretary selection system of past dynasties

3. Examination system for 188bet mobile login and officials in past dynasties

The evaluation system of 188bet mobile login in past dynasties and its inspiration.

4. Preventing corruption among 188bet mobile login and officials

The phenomenon of fraud and corruption among 188bet mobile login and officials in the past dynasties。Attempts through the ages to prevent corruption among 188bet mobile login and officials。

Section 3: The fine traditions of 188bet mobile login in past generations (1 class hour)

1. Write straightly.

2. Be loyal to your duties and strictly abide by the 188bet mobile login.

3. Write quickly. Don't be surprised by changes.

4. National integrity.

5. Good at calligraphy.

Section 4 Lessons learned from main 188bet mobile login business (2 hours)

1. Experience in clerical and archival 188bet mobile login

Document management and confidentiality 188bet mobile login。The evolution of official document style。Management and Utilization of Files。

2. Experience in petition activities

The evolution of petition agencies in the past。188bet mobile login of petition activities in past dynasties。Inspiration from petition activities in past generations。

3. Give full play to the advisory role 188bet mobile login secretary

Ways for 188bet mobile login of past generations to play the role of advisors；: Ways for 188bet mobile login of past generations to play a role as advisors。

Section 5: 188bet mobile login work experience of the Communist Party of China before the founding of New China (2 hours)

1. Basic principles of 188bet mobile login work

Serve leadership 188bet mobile login，Play the role of staff assistant。Confidential、Accurate

2. Thoughts on 188bet mobile login work

Correctly handle the relationship between the secretary and the leader。Secretary 188bet mobile login and research。Opposition stereotyped writing。

3. Construction of the 188bet mobile login team

Selection of secretarial staff。Cultivate good style。Strengthen the team of 188bet mobile login。

(1) Experience and lessons learned in setting up 188bet mobile login organizations

1． Remembering: The relatively stable development of local 188bet mobile login agencies and the reasons

２. Comprehension: the "" of the central 188bet mobile login agencies of past dynasties;Expansion return”。

３． Simple application:“Expansion return”reason。

４． Comprehensive application: Enlightenment from the establishment of 188bet mobile login agencies in past dynasties.

(2) Selection and management of 188bet mobile login and officials

1． Knowledge: (1) The evolution of the names of 188bet mobile login and officials in the past dynasties；(2) The origin of 188bet mobile login in the past、Selection；

(3) An attempt to prevent corruption among 188bet mobile login and officials.

２． Comprehension: The examination system of 188bet mobile login in past dynasties and its inspiration.

３． Simple application: inspiration from the secretary selection 188bet mobile login of past dynasties.

(3) The fine traditions of 188bet mobile login staff in the past

1. Knowledge: (1) Loyalty to duty、Strictly observe the 188bet mobile login；(2) Writing quickly；(3) Good at calligraphy art

２． Comprehension: (1) Write straightly；(2) Don’t be surprised by changes。

３． Simple application: with national integrity.

(4) Lessons Learned from Major 188bet mobile login Business

1. Knowledge: (1) Documentary 188bet mobile login system of past dynasties；(2) Management and utilization of files； (3) The evolution of petition agencies in the past

２． Understand: (1) The system of petition activities in the past dynasties； (2) Historical facts about the role of 188bet mobile login in the past as consultants。

３． Simple application: (1) Enlightenment from petition activities in past dynasties； (2) Documentaryism in History。

４． Comprehensive application: (1) Overview of the style of official documents of past dynasties；(2) Ways through which 188bet mobile login in the past dynasties played the role of advisors

(5) 188bet mobile login work experience of the Communist Party of China before the founding of New China

1. Memorization: Building a 188bet mobile login team.

２． Understand: (1) 188bet mobile login work is inseparable from investigation and research；(2) 188bet mobile login work requires opposing party stereotypes。

３． Simple application: Correctly handle the relationship between 188bet mobile login and leaders.

４． Comprehensive application: (1) Basic principles of 188bet mobile login work；(2) The origin of the principle of 188bet mobile login work serving leadership。

1.Xu Tongxin，"History of Official Documents"，Archive Press，First edition, April 1989。

２.李 Xin，"The Development History of Chinese 188bet mobile login—New Democratic Revolution Period》，Higher Education Press，First edition, August 1996。

３．Zhang Jinfan，"General History of Chinese Official 188bet mobile login"，China Renmin University Press，First edition, October 1992。

４．Tang Jin、Zheng Chuanshui，"History of Chinese State Institutions"，Liaoning People's Publishing House，First edition, June 1993。

５.Wang Debao、Wei Qingyuan，"History of Chinese Political 188bet mobile login"，Higher Education Press，First edition, December 1992。