Northwestern Normal University Secretarial Major Course Syllabus
188bet sportsbook review Science
一、Description
(1) Nature of the course
188bet sportsbook review science is an elective course for secretarial majors，Provide professional theories on the basic laws of 188bet sportsbook review behavior for learning professional knowledge，with“Organizational Behavior”、“Management”、“Secretarial Science”The other courses are cross-related。
(2) 188bet sportsbook review purposes
Pass the study of this course，Enable students to master theoretical knowledge about the basic laws of 188bet sportsbook review behavior，Form the professional awareness of modern secretaries to perform their functions effectively，Have the professional foundation to scientifically serve the 188bet sportsbook review work。
(3) 188bet sportsbook review content
The content system of this course consists of six parts: 1、Basic Principles of 188bet sportsbook review，Including the meaning of 188bet sportsbook review、Elements、Properties、Features、Function、Disciplines, etc.；2、188bet sportsbook review concept theory，Including the concept of 188bet sportsbook review、188bet sportsbook review relationship concept、188bet sportsbook review authority concept、188bet sportsbook review effectiveness concepts, etc.；3、188bet sportsbook review Function Theory，Including 188bet sportsbook review decisions、Select personnel、Manage personnel, etc.；4、188bet sportsbook review System Theory，Including the meaning of 188bet sportsbook review system、Properties、Function、Content、Type、Evolution, etc.；5、188bet sportsbook review Subject Theory，includes 188bet sportsbook review qualities、188bet sportsbook review style、188bet sportsbook review style、188bet sportsbook review Art, etc.；6、188bet sportsbook review theory，Including 188bet sportsbook review authority、188bet sportsbook review effectiveness, etc.。
Selected lecture content:
Including general attributes and general functions of 188bet sportsbook review、The object and content of ideological education、Attributes and Evolution of 188bet sportsbook review System、The significance and principles of 188bet sportsbook review effectiveness assessment, etc.。
(4) 188bet sportsbook review hours
This course is offered for one semester, total36 credit hours, with an average of 2 credit hours per week.
| Serial number | Content | credit hours |
| 1 | Chapter 1 188bet sportsbook review Overview | 3 |
| 2 | Section 1 The meaning and elements of 188bet sportsbook review behavior | 1 |
| 3 | Section 2 Attributes and characteristics of 188bet sportsbook review behavior | 1 |
| 4 | Section 3 The functions and disciplines of 188bet sportsbook review behavior | 1 |
| 5 | Chapter 2 188bet sportsbook review concept | 3 |
| 6 | Section 1 The concept of 188bet sportsbook review nature and 188bet sportsbook review relationship | 1 |
| 7 | Section 2 The concept of 188bet sportsbook review decision-making and 188bet sportsbook review style | 1 |
| 8 | Section 3 The concept of 188bet sportsbook review authority and 188bet sportsbook review effectiveness | 1 |
| 9 | Chapter 3 188bet sportsbook review decision-making | 3 |
| 10 | Section 1 The 188bet sportsbook review and characteristics of decision-making | 1 |
| 11 | Section 2 Types and principles of decision-making | 1 |
| 12 | Section 3 Decision-making procedures and systems | 1 |
| 13 | Chapter 4 188bet sportsbook review and employment | 3 |
| 14 | Section 1 The route and standards for 188bet sportsbook review employment | 1 |
| 15 | Section 2 Principles and systems for selecting talents | 1 |
| 16 | Section 3 Principles and systems for using talents | 1 |
| 17 | Chapter 5 188bet sportsbook review Management | 3 |
| 18 | Section 1 Manage personnel | 2 |
| 19 | Section 2 Management business | 1 |
| 20 | Chapter 6 188bet sportsbook review system | 3 |
| 21 | Section 1 The meaning and attributes of 188bet sportsbook review system | 1 |
| 22 | Section 2 Function and content of 188bet sportsbook review system | 1 |
| 23 | Section 3 The evolution and types of 188bet sportsbook review systems | 1 |
| 24 | Chapter 7 188bet sportsbook review style | 3 |
| 25 | Section 1 The meaning and evolution of 188bet sportsbook review style | 1 |
| 26 | Section 2 Types and manifestations of 188bet sportsbook review styles | 1 |
| 27 | Section 3 The application and conditions of 188bet sportsbook review style | 1 |
| 28 | Chapter 8 188bet sportsbook review style | 3 |
| 29 | Section 1 The meaning and characteristics of 188bet sportsbook review style | 1 |
| 30 | Section 2 Functions and types of 188bet sportsbook review style | 1 |
| 31 | Section 3 Content and improvement of 188bet sportsbook review style | 1 |
| 32 | Chapter 9 188bet sportsbook review Art | 3 |
| 33 | Section 1 The meaning and essence of 188bet sportsbook review art | 1 |
| 34 | Section 2 Characteristics and foundation of 188bet sportsbook review art | 1 |
| 35 | Section 3 Performance and improvement of 188bet sportsbook review art | 1 |
| 36 | Chapter 10 188bet sportsbook review qualities | 3 |
| 37 | Section 1 The meaning and characteristics of 188bet sportsbook review quality | 1 |
| 38 | Section 2 Content and cultivation of 188bet sportsbook review qualities | 1 |
| 39 | Section 3 Quality and optimization of collective 188bet sportsbook review | 1 |
| 40 | Chapter 11 188bet sportsbook review authority | 3 |
| 41 | Section 1 Overview of 188bet sportsbook review Authority | 1 |
| 42 | Section 2 Organizational factors that determine 188bet sportsbook review authority | 1 |
| 43 | Section 3 Member factors that determine 188bet sportsbook review authority | 1 |
| 44 | Chapter 12 188bet sportsbook review Effectiveness | 3 |
| 45 | Section 1 The meaning and elements of 188bet sportsbook review effectiveness | 1 |
| 46 | Section 2 The functions and principles of 188bet sportsbook review effectiveness assessment | 1 |
| 47 | Section 3 Standards and methods for 188bet sportsbook review effectiveness assessment | 1 |
| Total | 36 |
(5) 188bet sportsbook review methods
Adopt systematic 188bet sportsbook review、Case Analysis、Homework practice、188bet sportsbook review method combining guidance and self-study。
2. This article
Chapter 1 188bet sportsbook review Overview
188bet sportsbook review points:
The meaning and elements of 188bet sportsbook review behavior、Attributes and Characteristics、Knowledge of functions and disciplines。
188bet sportsbook review hours:
The 188bet sportsbook review hours of this chapter are3 hours.
188bet sportsbook review content:
Section 1 The meaning and elements of 188bet sportsbook review behavior (1 credit hour)
一、The meaning of 188bet sportsbook review
(1) The 188bet sportsbook review of tradition
(2) The 188bet sportsbook review of modernity
二、Elements of 188bet sportsbook review
(1) Leader
(2) The led
(3) 188bet sportsbook review goals
(4) 188bet sportsbook review system
(5) 188bet sportsbook review environment
Section 2 Attributes and characteristics of 188bet sportsbook review behavior (1 credit hour)
1. Attributes of 188bet sportsbook review
(1) General attributes
(2) Essential attributes
2. Characteristics of 188bet sportsbook review
(1) Characteristics of traditional 188bet sportsbook review behavior
(2) Characteristics of modern 188bet sportsbook review behavior
Section 3 The functions and disciplines of 188bet sportsbook review behavior (1 credit hour)
一、Function of 188bet sportsbook review
(1) General functions
(2) Main functions
2. The discipline of 188bet sportsbook review
(1) Research objects
(2) Main content
(3) Basic Theory
Assessment requirements:
Recognize and understand the meaning and elements of 188bet sportsbook review behavior、Knowledge of functions and disciplines，Analyze and apply the attributes and characteristics of 188bet sportsbook review。
Chapter 2 188bet sportsbook review concept
188bet sportsbook review points:
About the nature and relationship of 188bet sportsbook review、188bet sportsbook review decision-making and 188bet sportsbook review methods、Knowledge of ideas such as 188bet sportsbook review authority and 188bet sportsbook review effectiveness。
188bet sportsbook review hours:
The 188bet sportsbook review hours of this chapter are3 hours.
188bet sportsbook review content:
Section 1 The concept of 188bet sportsbook review nature and 188bet sportsbook review relationship (1 credit hour)
一、The concept of 188bet sportsbook review
(1) Traditional concepts
(2) Modern concepts
2. Concept of 188bet sportsbook review relationship
(1) Traditional concepts
(2) Modern concepts
Section 2 Concepts of 188bet sportsbook review decision-making and 188bet sportsbook review styles (1 credit hour)
一、The concept of 188bet sportsbook review decision-making
(1) Traditional concepts
(2) Modern View
2. Concept of 188bet sportsbook review style
(1) Traditional concepts
(2) Modern concepts
Section 3 Concepts of 188bet sportsbook review authority and 188bet sportsbook review effectiveness (1 credit hour)
一、The concept of 188bet sportsbook review authority
(1) Traditional concepts
(2) Modern concepts
2. Concept of 188bet sportsbook review effectiveness
(1) Traditional concepts
(2) Modern concepts
Assessment requirements:
Understand、Analyze and apply the nature of 188bet sportsbook review and 188bet sportsbook review relationship、188bet sportsbook review decision-making and 188bet sportsbook review methods、Knowledge of ideas such as 188bet sportsbook review authority and 188bet sportsbook review effectiveness。
Chapter 3 188bet sportsbook review decision-making
188bet sportsbook review points:
The 188bet sportsbook review and characteristics of decision-making、Types and principles、Knowledge of programs and systems。
188bet sportsbook review hours:
The 188bet sportsbook review hours of this chapter are3 hours.
188bet sportsbook review content:
Section 1 The 188bet sportsbook review and characteristics of decision-making (1 credit hour)
1. The 188bet sportsbook review of decision-making
(1) The 188bet sportsbook review of tradition
(2) The 188bet sportsbook review of modernity
2. Characteristics of decision-making
(1) Targetedness
(2) Targetedness
(3) Selectivity
(4) Implementability
Section 2 Types and principles of decision-making (1 credit hour)
1. Types of decision-making
(1) Divided by the significance of decision-making
(2) Divided by decision-making methods
(3) Divided according to the basis of decision-making
2. Principles of decision-making
(1) Objectivity
(2) Timeliness
(3) Scientificity
(4) Feasibility
(5) Value
(6) Legality
Section 3 Decision-making procedures and systems (1 credit hour)
1. Decision-making process
(1) Determine the goal
(2) Design plan
(3) Selection plan
(4) Feedback adjustment
2. Decision-making 188bet sportsbook review
(1) 188bet sportsbook review system
(2) Information 188bet sportsbook review
(3) Design 188bet sportsbook review
(4) Participation in the 188bet sportsbook review
Assessment requirements:
Know and understand the meaning of 188bet sportsbook review decisions、Knowledge of features and systems，Analyze and apply types of 188bet sportsbook review decisions、Knowledge of principles and procedures。
Chapter 4 188bet sportsbook review and employment
188bet sportsbook review points:
The route and standards for 188bet sportsbook review employment、Knowledge of principles and systems for selecting and utilizing talents。
188bet sportsbook review hours:
The 188bet sportsbook review hours of this chapter are3 hours.
188bet sportsbook review content:
Section 1 The route and standards for 188bet sportsbook review employment (1 credit hour)
1. Employment route
(1) The employment route of nepotism
(2) Merit-based employment route
2. Employment standards
(1) Criteria for subjective identification
(2) Standards for having both ability and political integrity
Section 2 Principles and systems for selecting talents (1 credit hour)
1. Principles for selecting talents
(1) The principle of adhering to standards
(2) Principles of scientific investigation
2. 188bet sportsbook review for selecting talents
(1) Electoral 188bet sportsbook review
(2) Exam selection 188bet sportsbook review
(3) Recommended Selection
Section 3 Principles and systems for utilizing talents (1 credit hour)
1. Principles of using talents
(1) Principles of effective use
(2) Principles of scientific management
2. 188bet sportsbook review for utilizing talents
(1) Appointment and Dismissal 188bet sportsbook review
(2) Management 188bet sportsbook review
(3) Training 188bet sportsbook review
Assessment requirements:
Know and understand the guidelines and standards for 188bet sportsbook review employment、Knowledge of principles and systems for selecting and utilizing talents。
Chapter 5 188bet sportsbook review Management
188bet sportsbook review points:
Leaders carry out 188bet sportsbook review management and ideological education for personnel、Knowledge of guiding and supervising business work。
188bet sportsbook review hours:
The 188bet sportsbook review hours of this chapter are3 hours.
188bet sportsbook review content:
Section 1 Management of Personnel (2 hours)
1. 188bet sportsbook review Management
(1) Responsible for formulating the personnel management 188bet sportsbook review
(2) Responsible for implementing the job responsibility 188bet sportsbook review
(3) Responsible for the implementation results of the assessment 188bet sportsbook review
2. Ideological Education
(1) Principles of ideological education
(2) Contents of ideological education
(3) Methods of ideological education
Section 2 Management business (1 credit hour)
1. Guiding the execution of decision-making
(1) Ways of guidance
(2) Guiding principles
2. Supervise the execution of decision-making
(1) Supervision method
(2) Principles of supervision
Assessment requirements:
Understand、Analyze and apply 188bet sportsbook review to system management and ideological education of personnel、Knowledge of guiding and supervising business。
Chapter 6 188bet sportsbook review system
188bet sportsbook review points:
The meaning and attributes of 188bet sportsbook review system、Function and content、Knowledge of evolution and types。
188bet sportsbook review hours:
The 188bet sportsbook review hours of this chapter are3 hours.
188bet sportsbook review content:
Section 1 The meaning and attributes of 188bet sportsbook review system (1 credit hour)
1. Basic 188bet sportsbook review
(1) Overview of 188bet sportsbook review
(2) 188bet sportsbook review analysis
2. Dual attributes
(1) General attributes
(2) Essential attributes
Section 2 Function and content of 188bet sportsbook review system (1 credit hour)
1. Basic functions
(1) Organization personnel
(2) Clarify the relationship
(3) Specified Responsibilities
(4) Division of authority
(5) Standardized Behavior
2. Main content
(1) 188bet sportsbook review structure
(2) 188bet sportsbook review relationship
(3) 188bet sportsbook review Responsibilities
(4) 188bet sportsbook review authority
(5) 188bet sportsbook review system
Section 3 The evolution and types of 188bet sportsbook review systems (1 credit hour)
1. Evolution
(1) 188bet sportsbook review system of primitive society
(2) The 188bet sportsbook review system of an authoritarian society
(3) 188bet sportsbook review system of modern society
2. Main types
(1) Classification by organization type
(2) Division by function
(3) Divided by 188bet sportsbook review relationship
Assessment requirements:
Knowledge、Understand and analyze the meaning and attributes of 188bet sportsbook review system、Function and content、Knowledge of evolution and types。
Chapter 7 188bet sportsbook review style
188bet sportsbook review points:
The meaning and evolution of 188bet sportsbook review style、Type and performance、Knowledge of application and conditions。
188bet sportsbook review hours:
The 188bet sportsbook review hours of this chapter are3 hours.
188bet sportsbook review content:
Section 1 The meaning and evolution of 188bet sportsbook review style (1 credit hour)
1. The meaning of 188bet sportsbook review style
(1) Overview of 188bet sportsbook review
(2) 188bet sportsbook review analysis
2. The evolution of 188bet sportsbook review styles
(1) Evolution of properties
(2) Evolution of characteristics
Section 2 Types and manifestations of 188bet sportsbook review styles (1 credit hour)
1. Basic types
(1) Work type and relationship type
(2) Centralization and decentralization
(3) Command type and negotiation type
(4) Conventional type and flexible type
(5) Control type and motivation type
2. Main performance
(1) Main methods of 188bet sportsbook review understanding
(2) Main methods of 188bet sportsbook review work
Section 3 The application and conditions of 188bet sportsbook review methods (1 credit hour)
1. Application Principles
(1) Principle of contingency
(2) Scientific principles
(3) Principles of motivation
(4) Principles of democracy
(5) Principles of legal 188bet sportsbook review
2. Constraints
(1) Nature and tasks of the organization
(2) Organizational 188bet sportsbook review and environment
(3) The quality and relationship of members
Assessment requirements:
Understand the meaning and evolution of 188bet sportsbook review styles、Knowledge of types and expressions，Analyze and apply the principles and constraints of 188bet sportsbook review methods。
Chapter 8 188bet sportsbook review style
188bet sportsbook review points:
The meaning and characteristics of 188bet sportsbook review style、Function and type、Knowledge of content and improvement。
188bet sportsbook review hours:
The 188bet sportsbook review hours of this chapter are3 hours.
188bet sportsbook review content:
Section 1 The meaning and characteristics of 188bet sportsbook review style (1 credit hour)
1. Basic 188bet sportsbook review
(1) Overview of 188bet sportsbook review
(2) 188bet sportsbook review analysis
2. Main features
(1) Externality
(2) Comprehensiveness
(3) Authenticity
(4) Quality
(5) Political
Section 2 The functions and types of 188bet sportsbook review style (1 credit hour)
1. Main functions
(1) Reflect the nature of 188bet sportsbook review
(2) Reflecting 188bet sportsbook review qualities
(3) Influence 188bet sportsbook review authority
(4) Produce demonstration effect
2. Basic types
(1) Authoritarianism and Democracy
(2) Pragmatism and retreat
(3) Integrity and vulgarity
(4) Rigorous and laissez-faire
Section 3 Content and improvement of 188bet sportsbook review style (1 credit hour)
1. Main content
(1) Political style
(2) Ideology and Style
(3) Work style
(4) Life style
2. Improvement methods
(1) Self-improvement
(2) Organizational Education
(3) Mass supervision
(4) 188bet sportsbook review Norms
Assessment requirements:
Know and understand the meaning and characteristics of 188bet sportsbook review style、Knowledge of functions and types，Analyze and apply knowledge on the content and improvement of 188bet sportsbook review style。
Chapter 9 188bet sportsbook review Art
188bet sportsbook review points:
The meaning and essence of 188bet sportsbook review art、Features and Basics、Knowledge on performance and improvement。
188bet sportsbook review hours:
The 188bet sportsbook review hours of this chapter are3 hours.
188bet sportsbook review content:
Section 1 The meaning and essence of 188bet sportsbook review art (1 credit hour)
1. The meaning of 188bet sportsbook review art
(1) Overview of 188bet sportsbook review
(2) 188bet sportsbook review analysis
2. The essence of 188bet sportsbook review art
(1) The unity of experience and science
(2) The unity of regularity and creativity
(3) The unity of principle and flexibility
(4) The unity of purpose and effectiveness
Section 2 Characteristics and foundation of 188bet sportsbook review art (1 credit hour)
1. Characteristics of 188bet sportsbook review art
(1) Practicality
(2) Objectivity
(3) Initiative
(4) Variability
(5) Effectiveness
2. The foundation of 188bet sportsbook review art
(1) Specific Scenario
(2) Scientific experience
(3) Keen response
(4) Extraordinary courage
(5) Ability to adapt to changes
Section 3 Performance and improvement of 188bet sportsbook review art (1 credit hour)
1. Performance of 188bet sportsbook review art
(1) The art of using power
(2) The art of treating others
(3) The Art of Director
2. Improvement of 188bet sportsbook review art
(1) Diligent in learning
(2) Dare to practice
(3) Good at summarizing
(4) Good at thinking
(5) Creative
Assessment requirements:
Know and understand the meaning and essence of the art of 188bet sportsbook review、Features and Basics，Analyze and apply knowledge on the performance and improvement of 188bet sportsbook review skills。
Chapter 10 188bet sportsbook review qualities
188bet sportsbook review points:
The meaning and characteristics of 188bet sportsbook review quality、Content and cultivation、Knowledge on the quality and optimization of 188bet sportsbook review groups。
188bet sportsbook review hours:
The 188bet sportsbook review hours of this chapter are3 hours.
188bet sportsbook review content:
Section 1 The meaning and characteristics of 188bet sportsbook review quality (1 credit hour)
1. Basic 188bet sportsbook review
(1) Overview of 188bet sportsbook review
(2) 188bet sportsbook review analysis
2. Main features
(1) Comprehensiveness
(2) Structural
(3) Dynamics
(4) Basics
Section 2 Content and cultivation of 188bet sportsbook review qualities (1 credit hour)
1. Main content
(1) Political quality
(2) Knowledge quality
(3) Ability and quality
(4) Moral quality
(5) Physical and mental quality
2. Cultivation methods
(1) Strengthening learning
(2) Conscious practice
(3) Accept supervision
(4) Discipline
(5) Value incentives
Section 3 The quality and optimization of collective 188bet sportsbook review (1 credit hour)
1. Reasonable structure of 188bet sportsbook review collective quality
(1) Reasonable physiological structure
(2) Reasonable knowledge structure
(3) Reasonable capability structure
(4) Reasonable character structure
2. Measures to optimize the collective quality of 188bet sportsbook review
(1) Establish an overall concept
(2) Improve the management 188bet sportsbook review
(3) Strengthen 188bet sportsbook review training
Assessment requirements:
Know and understand the meaning and characteristics of 188bet sportsbook review qualities、Content and cultivation、Knowledge on the quality and optimization of 188bet sportsbook review groups。
Chapter 11 188bet sportsbook review authority
188bet sportsbook review points:
The nature of 188bet sportsbook review authority、Meaning、Knowledge of characteristics and their determinants。
188bet sportsbook review hours:
The 188bet sportsbook review hours of this chapter are3 hours.
188bet sportsbook review content:
Section 1 Overview of 188bet sportsbook review Authority (1 credit hour)
1. The nature of 188bet sportsbook review authority
2. The meaning of 188bet sportsbook review authority
3. Characteristics of 188bet sportsbook review authority
Section 2 Organizational factors that determine 188bet sportsbook review authority (1 credit hour)
1. 188bet sportsbook review goals
(1) Correct——Strengthen
(2) Error——Weakened
(3) General——Unsure
二、188bet sportsbook review system
(1) Advanced——Strengthen
(2) Falling behind——Weakened
(3) General——Unsure
三、188bet sportsbook review environment
(1) Advantageous——Strengthen
(2) Unfavorable——Weakened
(3) General——Unsure
Section 3 Member factors that determine 188bet sportsbook review authority (1 credit hour)
1. The quality and attitude of leaders
(1)Quality
(2) Attitude
2. The quality and attitude of those being led
(1)Quality
(2) Attitude
3. Relationship between leaders
(1) Collaboration relationship
(2) Dependence relationship
(3) Opposite relationship
Assessment requirements:
Recognize and understand the nature of 188bet sportsbook review authority、Meaning、Features and other knowledge，Analyze and apply knowledge of organizational factors and member factors that determine 188bet sportsbook review authority。
Chapter 12 188bet sportsbook review Effectiveness
188bet sportsbook review points:
The meaning and elements of 188bet sportsbook review effectiveness、Functions and Principles、Knowledge of standards and methods。
188bet sportsbook review hours:
The 188bet sportsbook review hours of this chapter are3 hours.
188bet sportsbook review content:
Section 1 The meaning and elements of 188bet sportsbook review effectiveness (1 credit hour)
1. The meaning of 188bet sportsbook review effectiveness
(1)Overview of 188bet sportsbook review
(2) 188bet sportsbook review analysis
2. Elements of 188bet sportsbook review effectiveness
(1) 188bet sportsbook review goals
(2) 188bet sportsbook review mechanism
(3) 188bet sportsbook review efficiency
Section 2 The functions and principles of 188bet sportsbook review effectiveness assessment (1 credit hour)
1. Function of performance assessment
(1) Inspection function
(2) Standard functions
(3) Incentive function
(4) Adjustment function
2. Principles of performance assessment
(1) Systemic principle
(2) Principle of fairness
(3) Scientific principles
(4) Incentive Principles
(5) Guiding Principles
Section 3 Standards and methods of 188bet sportsbook review effectiveness assessment (1 credit hour)
1. Standards for performance assessment
(1) Technical standards
(2) Value Standard
2. Methods of performance assessment
(1) Target evaluation method
(2) Performance Recording Method
(3) Statistical analysis method
(4) 188bet sportsbook review comparison method
(5) Mass Comment Method
Assessment requirements:
Know and understand the meaning and elements of 188bet sportsbook review effectiveness、Knowledge of functions and principles，Analyze and apply knowledge on standards and methods of 188bet sportsbook review effectiveness assessment。
3. Bibliography:
1.Su Baozhong，"The Science and Art of 188bet sportsbook review",Tsinghua University Press2009Year edition.
2.Huang Qiang, "188bet sportsbook review Science", Higher Education Press2002 edition.
Guiding opinions on the use of 188bet sportsbook review aids and modern educational technology in this course
For the subject nature and characteristics of the "188bet sportsbook review Science" course，Teaching content should be novel，Adopt diverse methods to teach，Let students combine theory with practice，further improve the abilities required by the course。Make full use of modern teaching methods such as multimedia，Overall optimization of teaching process and teaching content，Mobilize students’ enthusiasm for learning。